Biological Engineering (Course 20)
20.001 Introduction to Professional Success and Leadership in Biological Engineering
Prereq: None
Acad Year 2024-2025: Not offered
Acad Year 2025-2026: U (Fall)
1-0-2 units
Interactive introduction to the discipline of Biological Engineering through presentations by alumni practitioners, with additional panels and discussions on skills for professional development. Presentations emphasize the roles of communication through writing and speaking, building and maintaining professional networks, and interpersonal and leadership skills in building successful careers. Provides practical advice about how to prepare for job searches and graduate or professional school applications from an informed viewpoint. Prepares students for UROPs, internships, and selection of BE electives. Subject can count toward the 6-unit discovery-focused credit limit for first-year students.
L. Griffith
20.002 Introduction to Concepts in Biological Engineering
Prereq: None
U (Spring)
1-0-2 units
Introduction to scientific advances in the field of biological engineering. Topics covered include drug discovery and delivery, applications of genetic engineering, creation and uses of biomaterials, and development of biological technology to mitigate human disease and environmental problems. Discusses each selected topic from different angles, highlighting research conducted from the nano- to macro- level to highlight the breadth of biological engineering applications. Students have the opportunity to select a topic of interest and explore that topic in more depth. Subject can count toward the 6-unit discovery-focused credit limit for first-year students. Preference given to first-year students.
B. Meyer
20.005 Ethics for Engineers
Subject meets with 1.082[J], 2.900[J], 6.9320[J], 6.9321, 10.01[J], 16.676[J]
Prereq: None
U (Fall, Spring)
2-0-7 units
Explores how to be an ethical engineer. Students examine engineering case studies along with foundational ethical readings, and investigate which ethical approaches are best and how to apply them as engineers. Topics include justice, rights, cost-benefit analysis, safety, bias, genetic engineering, climate change, and the promise and peril of AI. Discussion-based. All sections cover the same core ethical frameworks, but some sections have a particular focus for engineering case studies, such as Computer Science or Bioengineering. Students are eligible to take any section of the course, regardless of their registered course number. The subject is taught in separate sections. For 20.005, students additionally undertake an ethical-technical analysis of a BE-related topic of their choosing.
D. Lauffenburger, P. Hansen
20.010 Introduction to Experimentation in BE
Prereq: None
U (Fall)
1-0-2 units
Teaches students to ask research questions and use the steps in the experimental method to test hypotheses. Introduces best practices in basic data analysis and interpretation. Additional topics include exploring experimental failures, unexpected results, and troubleshooting. Goal is to prepare students for undergraduate research opportunities and laboratory-based coursework. This is a discussion-based subject and is dependent on group participation. Preference to first- and second-year students.
N. Lyell
20.020 Introduction to Biological Engineering Design Using Synthetic Biology
Prereq: None
U (Spring)
3-3-3 units
Project-based introduction to the engineering of synthetic biological systems. Throughout the term, students develop projects that are responsive to real-world problems of their choosing, and whose solutions depend on biological technologies. Lectures, discussions, and studio exercises introduce components and control of prokaryotic and eukaryotic behavior; DNA synthesis, standards, and abstraction in biological engineering; and issues of human practice, including biological safety, security, ethics and ownership, sharing, and innovation. Students may have the option to continue projects for participation in the iGEM competition. Preference to first-year students.
J. Buck
20.051 Introduction to NEET: Living Machines
Prereq: Biology (GIR), Calculus II (GIR), Chemistry (GIR), and Physics I (GIR)
U (Fall, Spring)
2-2-2 units
Focuses on physiomimetics: transforming therapeutic strategy and development. Overview of development of therapies for complex diseases, including disease mechanisms in heterogeneous patient populations, developing therapeutic strategies, modeling these in vitro, and testing the therapies. Explores the five essential technological contributions to this process: computational systems biology, synthetic biology, immuno-engineering, microphysiological systems devices/tissue engineering, and microfluidic device engineering for in vitro models and analysis. Introduces disease modeling, patient stratification, and drug development processes, includes extensive examples from industry, and provides context for choosing a concentration track in the Living Machines thread. Weekly lectures from experts in the field supplemented with structured, short projects in each topic area. Limited to 24; preference to students in the NEET Living Machines thread.
L. Griffith, M. Salek
20.054 NEET - Living Machines Research Immersion
Prereq: 20.051
U (Fall, Spring)
Units arranged
Can be repeated for credit.
A structured lab research experience in a specific Living Machines track. Students identify a project in a participating research lab, on a topic related to the five tracks in the NEET Living Machines program, propose a project related to the drug development theme, and prepare interim and final presentations and reports while conducting the project. Links to industry-sponsored research projects at MIT are encouraged. Project proposal must be submitted and approved in the term prior to enrollment. Limited to students in the NEET Living Machines thread.
L. Griffith, E. Alm, M. Salek
20.101 Metakaryotic Biology and Epidemiology
Subject meets with 20.A02
Prereq: None
U (Fall)
2-0-4 units
Introduces non-eukaryotic, "metakaryotic" cells with hollow bell-shaped nuclei that serve as the stem cells of human fetal/juvenile growth and development as well as of tumors and atherosclerotic plaques. Studies the relationship of lifetime growth and mutations of metakaryotic stem cells to age-specific death rates. Considers the biological bases of treatment protocols found to kill metakaryotic cancer stem cells in vitro and in human pancreatic cancers in vivo.
W. G. Thilly
20.102 Metakaryotic Stem Cells in Carcinogenesis: Origins and Cures
Subject meets with 20.215
Prereq: Biology (GIR), Calculus II (GIR), and Chemistry (GIR)
U (Fall)
3-0-9 units
Metakaryotic stem cells of organogenesis, wound healing, and the pathogenic lesions of cancers and atherosclerotic plaques. Metakaryotic cell resistance to x-ray- and chemo-therapies. Common drug treatment protocols lethal to metakaryotic cancer stem cells in vivo first clinical trial against pancreatic cancer. Application of a hypermutable/mutator stem cell model to the age-specific mortality from clonal diseases, and the expected responses to metakaryocidal drugs in attempted cure and prevention of tumors or atherosclerotic plaques. Students taking 20.215 responsible for de novo computer modeling.
E. V. Gostjeva, W. G. Thilly
20.104[J] Environmental Cancer Risks, Prevention, and Therapy
Same subject as 1.081[J]
Prereq: Biology (GIR), Calculus II (GIR), and Chemistry (GIR)
U (Spring)
3-0-9 units
Analysis of the history of cancer and vascular disease mortality rates in predominantly European- and African-American US cohorts, 1895-2016, to discover specific historical shifts. Explored in terms of contemporaneously changing environmental risk factors: air-, food- and water-borne chemicals; subclinical infections; diet and lifestyles. Special section on occupational risk factors. Considers the hypotheses that genetic and/or environmental factors affect metakaryotic stem cell mutation rates in fetuses and juveniles and/or their growth rates of preneoplastic in adults.
W. Thilly, R. McCunney
20.106[J] Applied Microbiology
Same subject as 1.084[J]
Prereq: Biology (GIR) and Chemistry (GIR)
U (Fall)
Not offered regularly; consult department
3-0-9 units
Introductory microbiology from a systems perspective - considers microbial diversity and the integration of data from a molecular, cellular, organismal, and ecological context to understand the interaction of microbial organisms with their environment. Special emphasis on specific viral, bacterial, and eukaryotic microorganisms and their interaction with animal hosts with focus on contemporary problems in areas such as vaccination, emerging disease, antimicrobial drug resistance, and toxicology.
J. C. Niles, K. Ribbeck
20.109 Laboratory Fundamentals in Biological Engineering
Prereq: Biology (GIR), Chemistry (GIR), 6.100B, 18.03, and 20.110[J]
U (Fall, Spring)
2-8-5 units. Institute LAB
Introduces experimental biochemical and molecular techniques from a quantitative engineering perspective. Experimental design, data analysis, and scientific communication form the underpinnings of this subject. In this, students complete discovery-based experimental modules drawn from current technologies and active research projects of BE faculty. Generally, topics include DNA engineering, in which students design, construct, and use genetic material; parts engineering, emphasizing protein design and quantitative assessment of protein performance; systems engineering, which considers genome-wide consequences of genetic perturbations; and biomaterials engineering, in which students use biologically-encoded devices to design and build materials. Enrollment limited; priority to Course 20 majors.
N. Lyell, A. Koehler, B. Engelward, L. McClain, B. Meyer, S. Clarke, P. Bhargava
20.110[J] Thermodynamics of Biomolecular Systems
Same subject as 2.772[J]
Prereq: (Biology (GIR), Calculus II (GIR), Chemistry (GIR), and Physics I (GIR)) or permission of instructor
U (Fall)
5-0-7 units. REST
Equilibrium properties of macroscopic and microscopic systems. Basic thermodynamics: state of a system, state variables. Work, heat, first law of thermodynamics, thermochemistry. Second and third law of thermodynamics: entropy and its statistical basis, Gibbs function. Chemical equilibrium of reactions in gas and solution phase. Macromolecular structure and interactions in solution. Driving forces for molecular self-assembly. Binding cooperativity, solvation, titration of macromolecules.
M. Birnbaum, C. Voigt
20.129[J] Biological Circuit Engineering Laboratory
Same subject as 6.4880[J]
Prereq: Biology (GIR) and Calculus II (GIR)
U (Spring)
2-8-2 units. Institute LAB
Students assemble individual genes and regulatory elements into larger-scale circuits; they experimentally characterize these circuits in yeast cells using quantitative techniques, including flow cytometry, and model their results computationally. Emphasizes concepts and techniques to perform independent experimental and computational synthetic biology research. Discusses current literature and ongoing research in the field of synthetic biology. Instruction and practice in oral and written communication provided. Enrollment limited.
T. Lu, R. Weiss
20.200 Biological Engineering Seminar
Prereq: Permission of instructor
G (Fall, Spring)
1-0-2 units
Can be repeated for credit.
Weekly one-hour seminars covering graduate student research and presentations by invited speakers.
B. Engelward
20.201 Fundamentals of Drug Development
Prereq: Permission of instructor
G (Fall, Spring)
4-0-8 units
Team-based exploration of the scientific basis for developing new drugs. First portion of term covers fundamentals of target identification, drug discovery, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, regulatory policy, and intellectual property. Industry experts and academic entrepreneurs then present case studies of specific drugs, drug classes, and therapeutic targets. In a term-long project, student teams develop novel therapeutics to solve major unmet medical needs, with a trajectory to a "start-up" company. Culminates with team presentations to a panel of industry and scientific leaders.
P. C. Dedon, R. Sasisekharan
20.202 In vivo Models: Principles and Practices
Prereq: Permission of instructor
G (Spring)
Not offered regularly; consult department
1-1-4 units
Selected aspects of anatomy, histology, immuno-cytochemistry, in situ hybridization, physiology, and cell biology of mammalian organisms and their pathogens. Subject material integrated with principles of toxicology, in vivo genetic engineering, and molecular biology. A lab/demonstration period each week involves experiments in anatomy (in vivo), physiology, and microscopy to augment the lectures. Offered first half of spring term.
J. G. Fox, B. Marini, M. Whary
20.203[J] Neurotechnology in Action
Same subject as 9.123[J]
Prereq: Permission of instructor
G (Spring)
3-6-3 units
See description under subject 9.123[J].
A. Jasanoff
20.205[J] Principles and Applications of Genetic Engineering for Biotechnology and Neuroscience
Same subject as 9.26[J]
Prereq: Biology (GIR)
U (Spring)
3-0-9 units
See description under subject 9.26[J].
F. Zhang
20.213 Genome Stability and Engineering in the Context of Diseases, Drugs, and Public Health
Prereq: 5.07[J], 7.05, or permission of instructor
U (Spring; second half of term)
4-0-5 units
Studies how DNA damage leads to diseases, and how DNA repair modulates cancer risk and treatment. Also covers how DNA repair impacts genetic engineering, whether by targeted gene therapy or CRISPR-mediated genetic changes. Students gain a public health perspective by examining how DNA-damaging agents in our environment can lead to downstream cancer. Explores the underlying chemical, molecular and biochemical processes of DNA damage and repair, and their implications for disease susceptibility and treatment.
B. P. Engelward
20.215 Macroepidemiology, Population Genetics, and Stem Cell Biology of Human Clonal Diseases
Subject meets with 20.102
Prereq: Calculus II (GIR) and 1.00
G (Fall)
3-0-15 units
Studies the logic and technology needed to discover genetic and environmental risks for common human cancers and vascular diseases. Includes an introduction to metakaryotic stem cell biology. Analyzes large, organized historical public health databases using quantitative cascade computer models that include population stratification of stem cell mutation rates in fetal/juvenile tissues and growth rates in preneoplastic colonies and atherosclerotic plaques. Means to test hypotheses (CAST) that certain genes carry mutations conferring risk for common cancers via genetic analyses in large human cohorts. Involves de novo computer modeling of a lifetime disease experience or test of a student-developed hypothesis.
W. G. Thilly
20.219 Selected Topics in Biological Engineering
Prereq: Permission of instructor
G (Fall, Spring)
Not offered regularly; consult department
Units arranged
Can be repeated for credit.
Detailed discussion of selected topics of current interest. Classwork in various areas not covered by regular subjects.
Staff
20.230[J] Immunology
Same subject as 7.23[J]
Subject meets with 7.63[J], 20.630[J]
Prereq: 7.06
U (Spring)
5-0-7 units
See description under subject 7.23[J].
S. Spranger, M. Birnbaum
20.260 Computational Analysis of Biological Data
Subject meets with 20.460
Prereq: 6.100A or permission of instructor
U (Spring)
3-0-6 units
Presents foundational methods for analysis of complex biological datasets. Covers fundamental concepts in probability, statistics, and linear algebra underlying computational tools that enable generation of biological insights. Assignments focus on practical examples spanning basic science and medical applications. Assumes basic knowledge of calculus and programming (experience with MATLAB, Python, or R is recommended). Students taking graduate version complete additional assignments.
D. Lauffenburger, F. White
20.265 Genetics for Biological Engineering
Prereq: 6.100A or permission of instructor
U (Spring; second half of term)
Not offered regularly; consult department
3-0-3 units
Covers topics in genetics from an engineering perspective. Designed to be taken before, concurrently with, or after a traditional genetics class. Focuses primarily on the quantitative methods and algorithms used in genetics and genomics. Provides a strong foundation in genomics and bioinformatics and prepares students, through real-world problem-solving, for upper-level classes in those topics. Basics of modern genomics tools and approaches -- including RNAseq, high-throughout genome sequencing, genome-wide association studies, metagenomics, and others -- presented. Requires some experience with Python programming.
E. Alm
20.305[J] Principles of Synthetic Biology
Same subject as 6.8721[J]
Subject meets with 6.8720[J], 20.405[J]
Prereq: None
U (Fall)
3-0-9 units
Introduces the basics of synthetic biology, including quantitative cellular network characterization and modeling. Considers the discovery and genetic factoring of useful cellular activities into reusable functions for design. Emphasizes the principles of biomolecular system design and diagnosis of designed systems. Illustrates cutting-edge applications in synthetic biology and enhances skills in analysis and design of synthetic biological applications. Students taking graduate version complete additional assignments.
R. Weiss
20.309[J] Instrumentation and Measurement for Biological Systems
Same subject as 2.673[J]
Subject meets with 20.409
Prereq: (Biology (GIR), Physics II (GIR), 6.100B, and 18.03) or permission of instructor
U (Fall, Spring)
3-6-3 units
Sensing and measurement aimed at quantitative molecular/cell/tissue analysis in terms of genetic, biochemical, and biophysical properties. Methods include light and fluorescence microscopies, and electro-mechanical probes (atomic force microscopy, optical traps, MEMS devices). Application of statistics, probability, signal and noise analysis, and Fourier techniques to experimental data. Enrollment limited; preference to Course 20 undergraduates.
P. Blainey, S. Manalis, E. Frank, S. Wasserman, J. Bagnall, E. Boyden, P. So
20.310[J] Molecular, Cellular, and Tissue Biomechanics
Same subject as 2.797[J], 3.053[J], 6.4840[J]
Subject meets with 2.798[J], 3.971[J], 6.4842[J], 10.537[J], 20.410[J]
Prereq: Biology (GIR) and 18.03
U (Spring)
4-0-8 units
Develops and applies scaling laws and the methods of continuum mechanics to biomechanical phenomena over a range of length scales. Topics include structure of tissues and the molecular basis for macroscopic properties; chemical and electrical effects on mechanical behavior; cell mechanics, motility and adhesion; biomembranes; biomolecular mechanics and molecular motors. Experimental methods for probing structures at the tissue, cellular, and molecular levels. Students taking graduate version complete additional assignments.
M. Bathe, K. Ribbeck, P. T. So
20.315 Physical Biology
Subject meets with 20.415
Prereq: 5.60, 20.110[J], or permission of instructor
U (Fall, Spring)
Not offered regularly; consult department
3-0-9 units
Credit cannot also be received for 8.241
Focuses on current major research topics in quantitative, physical biology. Covers synthetic structural biology, synthetic cell biology, microbial systems biology and evolution, cellular decision making, neuronal circuits, and development and morphogenesis. Emphasizes current motivation and historical background, state-of-the-art measurement methodologies and techniques, and quantitative physical modeling frameworks. Experimental techniques include structural biology, next-generation sequencing, fluorescence imaging and spectroscopy, and quantitative biochemistry. Modeling approaches include stochastic rate equations, statistical thermodynamics, and statistical inference. Students taking graduate version complete additional assignments. 20.315 and 20.415 meet with 8.241 when offered concurrently.
J. Gore, I. Cisse
20.320 Analysis of Biomolecular and Cellular Systems
Prereq: 6.100B, 18.03, and 20.110[J]; Coreq: 5.07[J] or 7.05
U (Fall)
4-0-8 units
Analysis of molecular and cellular processes across a hierarchy of scales, including genetic, molecular, cellular, and cell population levels. Topics include gene sequence analysis, molecular modeling, metabolic and gene regulation networks, signal transduction pathways and cell populations in tissues. Emphasis on experimental methods, quantitative analysis, and computational modeling.
F. White, K. D. Wittrup
20.330[J] Fields, Forces and Flows in Biological Systems
Same subject as 2.793[J], 6.4830[J]
Prereq: Biology (GIR), Physics II (GIR), and 18.03
U (Spring)
4-0-8 units
Introduction to electric fields, fluid flows, transport phenomena and their application to biological systems. Flux and continuity laws, Maxwell's equations, electro-quasistatics, electro-chemical-mechanical driving forces, conservation of mass and momentum, Navier-Stokes flows, and electrokinetics. Applications include biomolecular transport in tissues, electrophoresis, and microfluidics.
J. Han, S. Manalis
20.334 Biological Systems Modeling
Prereq: 20.330[J] or permission of instructor
U (Fall; first half of term)
1-0-5 units
Practices the use of modern numerical analysis tools (e.g., COMSOL) for biological systems with multi-physics behavior. Covers modeling of diffusion, reaction, convection and other transport mechanisms. Analysis of microfluidic devices as examples. Discusses practical issues and challenges in numerical modeling. No prior knowledge of modeling software required. Includes weekly modeling homework and one final modeling project.
J. Han
20.345 Bioinstrumentation Project Lab
Prereq: 20.309[J], (Biology (GIR) and (2.004 or 6.3000)), or permission of instructor
U (Spring)
Not offered regularly; consult department
2-7-3 units
In-depth examination of instrumentation design, principles and techniques for studying biological systems, from single molecules to entire organisms. Lectures cover optics, advanced microscopy techniques, electronics for biological measurement, magnetic resonance imaging, computed tomography, MEMs, microfluidic devices, and limits of detection. Students select two lab exercises during the first half of the semester and complete a final design project in the second half. Lab emphasizes design process and skillful realization of a robust system. Enrollment limited; preference to Course 20 majors and minors.
E. Boyden, M. Jonas, P. So, S. Wasserman
20.352 Principles of Neuroengineering
Subject meets with 9.422[J], 20.452[J], MAS.881[J]
Prereq: Permission of instructor
U (Fall)
3-0-9 units
Covers how to innovate technologies for brain analysis and engineering, for accelerating the basic understanding of the brain, and leading to new therapeutic insight and inventions. Focuses on using physical, chemical and biological principles to understand technology design criteria governing ability to observe and alter brain structure and function. Topics include optogenetics, noninvasive brain imaging and stimulation, nanotechnologies, stem cells and tissue engineering, and advanced molecular and structural imaging technologies. Includes design projects. Students taking graduate version complete additional assignments. Designed for students with engineering maturity who are ready for design.
E. S. Boyden, III
20.361[J] Molecular and Engineering Aspects of Biotechnology
Same subject as 7.37[J], 10.441[J]
Prereq: (7.06 and (2.005, 3.012, 5.60, or 20.110[J])) or permission of instructor
Acad Year 2024-2025: Not offered
Acad Year 2025-2026: U (Spring)
4-0-8 units
Credit cannot also be received for 7.371
See description under subject 7.37[J].
Staff
20.363[J] Biomaterials Science and Engineering
Same subject as 3.055[J]
Subject meets with 3.963[J], 20.463[J]
Prereq: 20.110[J] or permission of instructor
U (Fall)
3-0-9 units
Covers, at a molecular scale, the analysis and design of materials used in contact with biological systems, and biomimetic strategies aimed at creating new materials based on principles found in biology. Topics include molecular interaction between bio- and synthetic molecules and surfaces; design, synthesis, and processing approaches for materials that control cell functions; and application of materials science to problems in tissue engineering, drug delivery, vaccines, and cell-guiding surfaces. Students taking graduate version complete additional assignments.
D. Irvine, K. Ribbeck
20.365 Engineering the Immune System in Cancer and Beyond
Subject meets with 20.465
Prereq: (5.60 or 20.110[J]) and permission of instructor
U (Spring)
3-0-6 units
Examines strategies in clinical and preclinical development for manipulating the immune system to treat and protect against disease. Begins with brief review of immune system. Discusses interaction of tumors with the immune system, followed by approaches by which the immune system can be modulated to attack cancer. Also covers strategies based in biotechnology, chemistry, materials science, and molecular biology to induce immune responses to treat infection, transplantation, and autoimmunity. Students taking graduate version complete additional assignments.
D. Irvine
20.370[J] Cellular Neurophysiology and Computing
Same subject as 2.791[J], 6.4810[J], 9.21[J]
Subject meets with 2.794[J], 6.4812[J], 9.021[J], 20.470[J], HST.541[J]
Prereq: (Physics II (GIR), 18.03, and (2.005, 6.2000, 6.3000, 10.301, or 20.110[J])) or permission of instructor
U (Spring)
5-2-5 units
See description under subject 6.4810[J]. Preference to juniors and seniors.
J. Han, T. Heldt
20.373 Foundations of Cell Therapy Manufacturing
Subject meets with 20.473
Prereq: None
U (Spring)
Not offered regularly; consult department
3-0-6 units
Seminar examines cell therapy manufacturing, the ex vivo production of human cells to be delivered to humans as a product for medical benefit. Includes a review of cell biology and immunology. Addresses topics such as governmental regulations applying to cell therapy production; the manufacture of cell-based therapeutics, including cell culture unit operations, genetic engineering or editing of cells; process engineering of cell therapy products; and the analytics of cell therapy manufacturing processes. Students taking graduate version complete additional assignments.
K. Van Vliet
20.375 Applied Developmental Biology and Tissue Engineering
Subject meets with 20.475
Prereq: (7.06, 20.320, and (7.003[J] or 20.109)) or permission of instructor
U (Spring)
Not offered regularly; consult department
3-0-9 units
Addresses the integration of engineering and biology design principles to create human tissues and organs for regenerative medicine to drug development. Provides an overview of embryogenesis, how morphogenic phenomena are governed by biochemical and biophysical cues. Analyzes <em>in vitro</em> generation of human brain, gut, and other organoids from stem cells. Studies the roles of biomaterials and microreactors in improving organoid formation and function; organoid use in modeling disease and physiology <em>in vitro</em>; and engineering and biological principles of reconstructing tissues and organs from postnatal donor cells using biomaterials scaffolds and bioreactors. Includes select applications, such as liver disease, brain disorders, and others. Students taking graduate version complete additional assignments.
L. Griffith
20.380 Biological Engineering Design
Prereq: 7.06, 20.320, and 20.330[J]
U (Fall, Spring)
5-0-7 units
Illustrates how knowledge and principles of biology, biochemistry, and engineering are integrated to create new products for societal benefit. Uses case study format to examine recently developed products of pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries: how a product evolves from initial idea, through patents, testing, evaluation, production, and marketing. Emphasizes scientific and engineering principles, as well as the responsibility scientists, engineers, and business executives have for the consequences of their technology. Instruction and practice in written and oral communication provided. Enrollment limited; preference to Course 20 undergraduates.
J. Collins, A. Koehler, J. Essigmann, K. Ribbeck
20.381 Biological Engineering Design II
Prereq: 20.380 or permission of instructor
U (Spring)
0-12-0 units
Continuation of 20.380 that focuses on practical implementation of design proposals. Student teams choose a feasible scope of work related to their 20.380 design proposals and execute it in the lab.
M. Jonas, J. Sutton, S. Wasserman
20.385 Design in Synthetic Biology
Prereq: (20.020, 20.109, and 20.320) or permission of instructor
U (Spring)
3-3-3 units
Provides an understanding of the state of research in synthetic biology and development of project management skills. Critical evaluation of primary research literature covering a range of approaches to the design, modeling and programming of cellular behaviors. Focuses on developing the skills needed to read, present and discuss primary research literature, and to manage and lead small teams. Students mentor a small undergraduate team of 20.020 students. Open to advanced students with appropriate background in biology. Students may have the option to continue projects for participation in the iGEM competition.
J. Buck
20.390[J] Computational Systems Biology: Deep Learning in the Life Sciences
Same subject as 6.8711[J]
Subject meets with 6.8710[J], 20.490, HST.506[J]
Prereq: (6.100B and 7.05) or permission of instructor
Acad Year 2024-2025: U (Spring)
Acad Year 2025-2026: Not offered
3-0-9 units
See description under subject 6.8711[J].
D. K. Gifford
20.405[J] Principles of Synthetic Biology
Same subject as 6.8720[J]
Subject meets with 6.8721[J], 20.305[J]
Prereq: None
G (Fall)
3-0-9 units
Introduces the basics of synthetic biology, including quantitative cellular network characterization and modeling. Considers the discovery and genetic factoring of useful cellular activities into reusable functions for design. Emphasizes the principles of biomolecular system design and diagnosis of designed systems. Illustrates cutting-edge applications in synthetic biology and enhances skills in analysis and design of synthetic biological applications. Students taking graduate version complete additional assignments.
R. Weiss
20.409 Biological Engineering II: Instrumentation and Measurement
Subject meets with 2.673[J], 20.309[J]
Prereq: Permission of instructor
G (Fall, Spring)
2-7-3 units
Sensing and measurement aimed at quantitative molecular/cell/tissue analysis in terms of genetic, biochemical, and biophysical properties. Methods include light and fluorescence microscopies, electronic circuits, and electro-mechanical probes (atomic force microscopy, optical traps, MEMS devices). Application of statistics, probability, signal and noise analysis, and Fourier techniques to experimental data. Limited to 5 graduate students.
P. Blainey, S. Manalis, S. Wasserman, J. Bagnall, E. Frank, E. Boyden, P. So
20.410[J] Molecular, Cellular, and Tissue Biomechanics
Same subject as 2.798[J], 3.971[J], 6.4842[J], 10.537[J]
Subject meets with 2.797[J], 3.053[J], 6.4840[J], 20.310[J]
Prereq: Biology (GIR) and 18.03
G (Spring)
3-0-9 units
Develops and applies scaling laws and the methods of continuum mechanics to biomechanical phenomena over a range of length scales. Topics include structure of tissues and the molecular basis for macroscopic properties; chemical and electrical effects on mechanical behavior; cell mechanics, motility and adhesion; biomembranes; biomolecular mechanics and molecular motors. Experimental methods for probing structures at the tissue, cellular, and molecular levels. Students taking graduate version complete additional assignments.
M. Bathe, K. Ribbeck, P. T. So
20.415 Physical Biology
Subject meets with 20.315
Prereq: Permission of instructor
G (Spring)
Not offered regularly; consult department
3-0-9 units
Credit cannot also be received for 8.241
Focuses on current major research topics in quantitative, physical biology. Topics include synthetic structural biology, synthetic cell biology, microbial systems biology and evolution, cellular decision making, neuronal circuits, and development and morphogenesis. Emphasizes current motivation and historical background, state-of-the-art measurement methodologies and techniques, and quantitative physical modeling frameworks. Experimental techniques include structural biology, next-generation sequencing, fluorescence imaging and spectroscopy, and quantitative biochemistry. Modeling approaches include stochastic rate equations, statistical thermodynamics, and statistical inference. Students taking graduate version complete additional assignments. 20.315 and 20.415 meet with 8.241 when offered concurrently.
J. Gore, I. Cisse
20.416[J] Topics in Biophysics and Physical Biology
Same subject as 7.74[J], 8.590[J]
Prereq: None
Acad Year 2024-2025: Not offered
Acad Year 2025-2026: G (Fall)
2-0-4 units
See description under subject 8.590[J].
J. Gore, N. Fakhri
20.420[J] Principles of Molecular Bioengineering
Same subject as 10.538[J]
Prereq: 7.06 and 18.03
G (Fall)
3-0-9 units
Provides an introduction to the mechanistic analysis and engineering of biomolecules and biomolecular systems. Covers methods for measuring, modeling, and manipulating systems, including biophysical experimental tools, computational modeling approaches, and molecular design. Equips students to take systematic and quantitative approaches to the investigation of a wide variety of biological phenomena.
A. Jasanoff, E. Fraenkel
20.430[J] Fields, Forces, and Flows in Biological Systems
Same subject as 2.795[J], 6.4832[J], 10.539[J]
Prereq: Permission of instructor
G (Fall)
3-0-9 units
Molecular diffusion, diffusion-reaction, conduction, convection in biological systems; fields in heterogeneous media; electrical double layers; Maxwell stress tensor, electrical forces in physiological systems. Fluid and solid continua: equations of motion useful for porous, hydrated biological tissues. Case studies of membrane transport, electrode interfaces, electrical, mechanical, and chemical transduction in tissues, convective-diffusion/reaction, electrophoretic, electroosmotic flows in tissues/MEMs, and ECG. Electromechanical and physicochemical interactions in cells and biomaterials; musculoskeletal, cardiovascular, and other biological and clinical examples. Prior undergraduate coursework in transport recommended.
M. Bathe, A. J. Grodzinsky
20.440 Analysis of Biological Networks
Prereq: 20.420[J] and permission of instructor
G (Spring)
6-0-9 units
Explores computational and experimental approaches to analyzing complex biological networks and systems. Includes genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics and microscopy. Stresses the practical considerations required when designing and performing experiments. Also focuses on selection and implementation of appropriate computational tools for processing, visualizing, and integrating different types of experimental data, including supervised and unsupervised machine learning methods, and multi-omics modelling. Students use statistical methods to test hypotheses and assess the validity of conclusions. In problem sets, students read current literature, develop their skills in Python and R, and interpret quantitative results in a biological manner. In the second half of term, students work in groups to complete a project in which they apply the computational approaches covered.
B. Bryson, P. Blainey
20.445[J] Methods and Problems in Microbiology
Same subject as 1.86[J], 7.492[J]
Prereq: None
G (Fall)
3-0-9 units
See description under subject 7.492[J]. Preference to first-year Microbiology and Biology students.
M. Laub
20.446[J] Microbial Genetics and Evolution
Same subject as 1.87[J], 7.493[J], 12.493[J]
Prereq: 7.03, 7.05, or permission of instructor
G (Fall)
4-0-8 units
See description under subject 7.493[J].
A. D. Grossman, O. Cordero
20.450 Applied Microbiology
Prereq: (20.420[J] and 20.440) or permission of instructor
G (Fall)
Not offered regularly; consult department
4-0-8 units
Compares the complex molecular and cellular interactions in health and disease between commensal microbial communities, pathogens and the human or animal host. Special focus is given to current research on microbe/host interactions, infection of significant importance to public health, and chronic infectious disease. Classwork will include lecture, but emphasize critical evaluation and class discussion of recent scientific papers, and the development of new research agendas in the fields presented.
J. C. Niles, K. Ribbeck
20.452[J] Principles of Neuroengineering
Same subject as 9.422[J], MAS.881[J]
Subject meets with 20.352
Prereq: Permission of instructor
G (Fall)
3-0-9 units
See description under subject MAS.881[J].
E. S. Boyden, III
20.454[J] Revolutionary Ventures: How to Invent and Deploy Transformative Technologies
Same subject as 9.455[J], 15.128[J], MAS.883[J]
Prereq: Permission of instructor
G (Fall)
2-0-7 units
See description under subject MAS.883[J].
E. Boyden, J. Bonsen, J. Jacobson
20.460 Computational Analysis of Biological Data
Subject meets with 20.260
Prereq: None
G (Spring)
3-0-6 units
Presents foundational methods for analysis of complex biological datasets. Covers fundamental concepts in probability, statistics, and linear algebra underlying computational tools that enable generation of biological insights. Assignments focus on practical examples spanning basic science and medical applications. Assumes basic knowledge of calculus and programming (experience with MATLAB, Python, or R is recommended). Students taking graduate version complete additional assignments.
D. Lauffenburger, F. White
20.463[J] Biomaterials Science and Engineering
Same subject as 3.963[J]
Subject meets with 3.055[J], 20.363[J]
Prereq: 20.110[J] or permission of instructor
G (Fall)
3-0-9 units
Covers, at a molecular scale, the analysis and design of materials used in contact with biological systems, and biomimetic strategies aimed at creating new materials based on principles found in biology. Topics include molecular interaction between bio- and synthetic molecules and surfaces; design, synthesis, and processing approaches for materials that control cell functions; and application of materials science to problems in tissue engineering, drug delivery, vaccines, and cell-guiding surfaces. Students taking graduate version complete additional assignments.
D. Irvine, K. Ribbeck
20.465 Engineering the Immune System in Cancer and Beyond
Subject meets with 20.365
Prereq: Permission of instructor
G (Spring)
3-0-6 units
Examines strategies in clinical and preclinical development for manipulating the immune system to treat and protect against disease. Begins with brief review of immune system. Discusses interaction of tumors with the immune system, followed by approaches by which the immune system can be modulated to attack cancer. Also covers strategies based in biotechnology, chemistry, materials science, and molecular biology to induce immune responses to treat infection, transplantation, and autoimmunity. Students taking graduate version complete additional assignments.
D. Irvine
20.470[J] Cellular Neurophysiology and Computing
Same subject as 2.794[J], 6.4812[J], 9.021[J], HST.541[J]
Subject meets with 2.791[J], 6.4810[J], 9.21[J], 20.370[J]
Prereq: (Physics II (GIR), 18.03, and (2.005, 6.2000, 6.3000, 10.301, or 20.110[J])) or permission of instructor
G (Spring)
5-2-5 units
See description under subject 6.4812[J].
J. Han, T. Heldt
20.473 Foundations of Cell Therapy Manufacturing
Subject meets with 20.373
Prereq: None
G (Spring)
Not offered regularly; consult department
3-0-6 units
Seminar examines cell therapy manufacturing, the ex vivo production of human cells to be delivered to humans as a product for medical benefit. Includes a review of cell biology and immunology. Addresses topics such as governmental regulations applying to cell therapy production; the manufacture of cell-based therapeutics, including cell culture unit operations, genetic engineering or editing of cells; process engineering of cell therapy products; and the analytics of cell therapy manufacturing processes. Students taking graduate version complete additional assignments.
K. Van Vliet
20.475 Applied Developmental Biology and Tissue Engineering
Subject meets with 20.375
Prereq: Permission of instructor
G (Spring)
Not offered regularly; consult department
3-0-9 units
This subject addresses the integration of engineering and biology design principles to create human tissues and organs for regenerative medicine to drug development. Overview of embryogenesis; how morphogenic phenomena are governed by biochemical and biophysical cues. Analysis of in vitro generation of human brain, gut, and other organoids from stem cells. Roles of biomaterials and microreactors in improving organoid formation and function. Organoid use in modeling disease and physiology in vitro. Engineering and biological principles of reconstructing tissues and organs from postnatal donor cells using biomaterials scaffolds and bioreactors. Select applications such as liver disease, brain disorders, and others. Graduate students will have additional assignments.
L. Griffith
20.486[J] Case Studies and Strategies in Drug Discovery and Development
Same subject as 7.549[J], 15.137[J], HST.916[J]
Prereq: None
G (Spring)
Not offered regularly; consult department
2-0-4 units
Aims to develop appreciation for the stages of drug discovery and development, from target identification, to the submission of preclinical and clinical data to regulatory authorities for marketing approval. Following introductory lectures on the process of drug development, students working in small teams analyze how one of four new drugs or drug candidates traversed the discovery/development landscape. For each case, an outside expert from the sponsoring drug company or pivotal clinical trial principal investigator provides guidance and critiques the teams' presentations to the class.
A. W. Wood
20.487[J] Optical Microscopy and Spectroscopy for Biology and Medicine
Same subject as 2.715[J]
Prereq: Permission of instructor
G (Spring)
Not offered regularly; consult department
3-0-9 units
See description under subject 2.715[J].
P. T. So, C. Sheppard
20.490 Computational Systems Biology: Deep Learning in the Life Sciences
Subject meets with 6.8710[J], 6.8711[J], 20.390[J], HST.506[J]
Prereq: Biology (GIR) and (6.041 or 18.600)
G (Spring)
3-0-9 units
Presents innovative approaches to computational problems in the life sciences, focusing on deep learning-based approaches with comparisons to conventional methods. Topics include protein-DNA interaction, chromatin accessibility, regulatory variant interpretation, medical image understanding, medical record understanding, therapeutic design, and experiment design (the choice and interpretation of interventions). Focuses on machine learning model selection, robustness, and interpretation. Teams complete a multidisciplinary final research project using TensorFlow or other framework. Provides a comprehensive introduction to each life sciences problem, but relies upon students understanding probabilistic problem formulations. Students taking graduate version complete additional assignments.
D. K. Gifford
20.507[J] Introduction to Biological Chemistry
Same subject as 5.07[J]
Prereq: 5.12
U (Fall)
5-0-7 units. REST
Credit cannot also be received for 7.05
See description under subject 5.07[J].
B. Pentelute, E. Nolan
20.535[J] Protein Engineering
Same subject as 10.535[J]
Prereq: 18.03 and (5.07[J] or 7.05)
G (Spring)
3-0-9 units
See description under subject 10.535[J].
K. D. Wittrup
20.554[J] Advances in Chemical Biology
Same subject as 5.54[J], 7.540[J]
Prereq: 5.07[J], 5.13, 7.06, and permission of instructor
G (Fall)
3-0-9 units
See description under subject 5.54[J].
L. Kiessling, M. Shoulders
20.560 Statistics for Biological Engineering
Prereq: Permission of instructor
G (Spring; second half of term)
Not offered regularly; consult department
2-0-2 units
Provides basic tools for analyzing experimental data, interpreting statistical reports in the literature, and reasoning under uncertain situations. Topics include probability theory, statistical tests, data exploration, Bayesian statistics, and machine learning. Emphasizes discussion and hands-on learning. Experience with MATLAB, Python, or R recommended.
S. Olesen
20.561[J] Eukaryotic Cell Biology: Principles and Practice
Same subject as 7.61[J]
Prereq: Permission of instructor
Acad Year 2024-2025: Not offered
Acad Year 2025-2026: G (Fall)
4-0-8 units
See description under subject 7.61[J]. Enrollment limited.
M. Krieger, M. Yaffe
20.586[J] Science and Business of Biotechnology
Same subject as 7.546[J], 15.480[J]
Prereq: None. Coreq: 15.401; permission of instructor
G (Spring)
3-0-6 units
Covers the new types of drugs and other therapeutics in current practice and under development, the financing and business structures of early-stage biotechnology companies, and the evaluation of their risk/reward profiles. Includes a series of live case studies with industry leaders of both established and emerging biotechnology companies as guest speakers, focusing on the underlying science and engineering as well as core financing and business issues. Students must possess a basic background in cellular and molecular biology.
J. Chen, A. Koehler, A. Lo, H. Lodish
20.630[J] Immunology
Same subject as 7.63[J]
Subject meets with 7.23[J], 20.230[J]
Prereq: 7.06 and permission of instructor
G (Spring)
5-0-7 units
See description under subject 7.63[J].
S. Spranger, M. Birnbaum
20.902 Independent Study in Biological Engineering
Prereq: Permission of instructor
U (Fall, Spring)
Units arranged
Can be repeated for credit.
Opportunity for independent study under regular supervision by a faculty member. Projects require prior approval, as well as a substantive paper. Minimum 12 units required.
Staff
20.903 Independent Study in Biological Engineering
Prereq: Permission of instructor
U (Fall, Spring, Summer)
Units arranged [P/D/F]
Can be repeated for credit.
Opportunity for independent study under regular supervision by a faculty member. Projects require prior approval, as well as a substantive paper. Minimum 6-12 units required.
Staff
20.920 Practical Work Experience
Prereq: None
U (Fall, IAP, Spring, Summer)
0-1-0 units
Can be repeated for credit.
For Course 20 students participating in off-campus professional experiences in biological engineering. Before registering for this subject, students must have an offer from a company or organization and must identify a BE advisor. Upon completion, student must submit a letter from the company or organization describing the experience, along with a substantive final report from the student approved by the MIT advisor. Subject to departmental approval. Consult departmental undergraduate office.
Staff
20.930[J] Research Experience in Biopharma
Same subject as 7.930[J], CSB.930[J]
Prereq: None
G (Fall)
2-10-0 units
Provides exposure to industrial science and develops skills necessary for success in such an environment. Under the guidance of an industrial mentor, students participate in on-site research at a local biopharmaceutical company where they observe and participate in industrial science. Serves as a real-time case study to internalize the factors that shape R&D in industry, including the purpose and scope of a project, key decision points in the past and future, and strategies for execution. Students utilize company resources and work with a scientific team to contribute to the goals of their assigned project; they then present project results to the company and class, emphasizing the logic that dictated their work and their ideas for future directions. Lecture component focuses on professional development.
C. Burge
20.945 Practical Experience in Biological Engineering
Prereq: None
G (Fall, IAP, Spring, Summer)
0-1-0 units
For Course 20 doctoral students participating in off-campus research, academic experiences, or internships in biological engineering. For internship experiences, an offer of employment from a company or organization is required prior to enrollment; employers must document work accomplished. A written report is required upon completion of a minimum of four weeks of off-campus experience. Proposals must be approved by department.
K. Ribbeck, P. Blainey
20.950 Research Problems in Biological Engineering
Prereq: Permission of instructor
G (Fall, IAP, Spring, Summer)
Units arranged
Can be repeated for credit.
Directed research in the fields of bioengineering and environmental health. Limited to BE students.
Staff
20.951 Thesis Proposal
Prereq: Permission of instructor
G (Fall, Spring, Summer)
0-24-0 units
Thesis proposal research and presentation to the thesis committee.
Staff
20.960 Teaching Experience in Biological Engineering
Prereq: Permission of instructor
G (Fall, Spring)
Units arranged
Can be repeated for credit.
For qualified graduate students interested in teaching. Tutorial, laboratory, or classroom teaching under the supervision of a faculty member. Enrollment limited by availability of suitable teaching assignments.
Staff
20.BME Undergraduate Research in Biomedical Engineering
Prereq: None
U (Fall, Spring)
Units arranged [P/D/F]
Can be repeated for credit.
Individual research project with biomedical or clinical focus, arranged with appropriate faculty member or approved advisor. Forms and instructions for the proposal and final report are available in the BE Undergraduate Office.
Consult Staff
20.C01[J] Machine Learning for Molecular Engineering
Same subject as 3.C01[J], 10.C01[J]
Subject meets with 3.C51[J], 7.C01, 7.C51, 10.C51[J], 20.C51[J]
Prereq: Calculus II (GIR), 6.100A, and 6.C01
U (Spring)
2-0-4 units
See description under subject 3.C01[J].
R. Gomez-Bombarelli, C. Coley, E. Fraenkel
20.C51[J] Machine Learning for Molecular Engineering
Same subject as 3.C51[J], 10.C51[J]
Subject meets with 3.C01[J], 7.C01, 7.C51, 10.C01[J], 20.C01[J]
Prereq: Calculus II (GIR), 6.100A, and 6.C51
G (Spring)
2-0-4 units
See description under subject 3.C51[J].
R. Gomez-Bombarelli, C. Coley, E. Fraenkel
20.EPE UPOP Engineering Practice Experience
Engineering School-Wide Elective Subject.
Offered under: 1.EPE, 2.EPE, 3.EPE, 6.EPE, 8.EPE, 10.EPE, 15.EPE, 16.EPE, 20.EPE, 22.EPE
Prereq: None
U (Fall, Spring)
0-0-1 units
Can be repeated for credit.
See description under subject 2.EPE. Application required; consult UPOP website for more information.
K. Tan-Tiongco, D. Fordell
20.EPW UPOP Engineering Practice Workshop
Engineering School-Wide Elective Subject.
Offered under: 1.EPW, 2.EPW, 3.EPW, 6.EPW, 10.EPW, 16.EPW, 20.EPW, 22.EPW
Prereq: 2.EPE
U (Fall, IAP, Spring)
1-0-0 units
See description under subject 2.EPW. Enrollment limited to those in the UPOP program.
K. Tan-Tiongco, D. Fordell
20.S900 Special Subject in Biological Engineering
Prereq: Permission of instructor
U (Fall, Spring, Summer)
Units arranged
Can be repeated for credit.
Detailed discussion of selected topics of current interest. Classwork in various areas not covered by regular subjects.
Staff
20.S901 Special Subject in Biological Engineering
Prereq: None
U (Fall, Spring)
Units arranged
Can be repeated for credit.
Detailed discussion of selected topics of current interest. Classwork in various areas not covered by regular subjects.
Staff
20.S940 Special Subject in Biological Engineering
Prereq: Permission of instructor
U (Fall, Spring)
Units arranged
Can be repeated for credit.
Detailed discussion of selected topics of current interest. Classwork in various areas not covered by regular subjects.
Staff
20.S947 Special Subject in Biological Engineering
Prereq: Permission of instructor
G (Fall, IAP, Spring, Summer)
Units arranged
Can be repeated for credit.
Detailed discussion of selected topics of current interest. Classwork in various areas not covered by regular subjects.
Staff
20.S948 Special Subject in Biological Engineering
Prereq: Permission of instructor
G (Fall, Spring)
Units arranged
Can be repeated for credit.
Detailed discussion of selected topics of current interest. Classwork in various areas not covered by regular subjects.
Staff
20.S949 Special Subject in Biological Engineering
Prereq: Permission of instructor
G (Fall, Spring)
Units arranged
Can be repeated for credit.
Detailed discussion of selected topics of current interest. Classwork in various areas not covered by regular subjects.
Staff
20.S952 Special Subject in Biological Engineering
Prereq: Permission of instructor
G (Fall, Spring)
Units arranged [P/D/F]
Can be repeated for credit.
Detailed discussion of selected topics of current interest. Classwork in various areas not covered by regular subjects.
Staff
20.THG Graduate Thesis
Prereq: Permission of instructor
G (Fall, IAP, Spring, Summer)
Units arranged
Can be repeated for credit.
Program of research leading to the writing of an SM or PhD thesis; to be arranged by the student and the MIT faculty advisor.
Staff
20.THU Undergraduate BE Thesis
Prereq: None
U (Fall, IAP, Spring)
Units arranged
Can be repeated for credit.
Program of research leading to the writing of an SB thesis; to be arranged by the student under approved supervision.
Staff
20.UR Undergraduate Research Opportunities
Prereq: None
U (Fall, IAP, Spring, Summer)
Units arranged [P/D/F]
Can be repeated for credit.
Laboratory research in the fields of bioengineering or environmental health. May be extended over multiple terms.
S. Manalis
20.URG Undergraduate Research Opportunities
Prereq: None
U (Fall, IAP, Spring, Summer)
Units arranged
Can be repeated for credit.
Emphasizes direct and active involvement in laboratory research in bioengineering or environmental health. May be extended over multiple terms.
Consult S. Manalis
